https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Maicagarriga&feedformat=atomCoastal Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T09:21:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Evaluation_of_ICZM_in_Europe&diff=27159Evaluation of ICZM in Europe2009-01-27T21:07:19Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>In 2006, the European Commission appointed an ICZM Evaluation Team to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>. This article provides a summary of the main objectives of this report as well as of the recommendations and proposed actions offered.<br />
<br />
== Main objectives ==<br />
<br />
* To evaluate the implementation of the [[EU ICZM Recommendation]] of May 2002<br />
* To evaluate the added-value of ICZM in the context of relevant existing and evolving Community policies/legislation<br />
* To identify where a need for further action exists as regards coastal zone policy and to provide recommendations for further relevant action at Community level<br />
<br />
== Recommendations and further action ==<br />
<br />
Following the analyses of national ICZM reports and strategies, submitted by coastal Member States in response to the ICZM Recommendation, in addition to a wide range of complementary information and data and intensive consultations with coastal stakeholders, the evaluation exercise resulted in the formulation of:<br />
* 4 strategic and cros-cutting recommnedations, and<br />
* 5 operational recommendations with a total of 19 recommended actions<br />
<br />
=== Strategic recommendations ===<br />
<br />
# Strengthen the European dimension of ICZM based on a '''Regional Seas approach''' (Follow the EEA recommendation of regionalisation and enhance ICZM activities on a supra-national level, providing a common European frame to help brining actors together, building capacities and harmonising practices in a trans-national perspective)<br />
# Raise the profile of ICZM and enhance its '''integration with sectoral policies''' (Enhance stakeholders' identification with ICZM, create a cross-sectoral policy community from EU to local level and ensure incorporation of ICZM into current practices)<br />
# '''Elaborate the strategic approach of ICZM''' -oriented at a balanced ecologic, social, economic and cultural development (Develop a common conceptual framework describing the geographical delimitations, development orientations, linking the EU ICZM Recommendation and stakeholder routines in a practical way)<br />
# '''Address major long-term risks''': [[vulnerability]] to disasters and [[climate change]] (Inlcude the [[vulnerability]] of the coast to disasters as well as the consequences of [[climate change]], [[sea level rise]] and [[pollution]] on a Regional Sea level and in a long-term perspective, striving for the adoption of the [[precautionary principle]])<br />
<br />
=== Operational recommendations and actions ===<br />
<br />
==== '''1. Endorse awareness, guidance, training and education''' ====<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
Raise awareness among coastal stakeholders by making better use of all instruments of information dissemination <br />
<br />
Provide guidance and develop human capacities through education and training <br />
<br />
Support ICZM training centres, staff exchage opportunities, university courses and advanced adult education<br />
<br />
'''Proposed actions'''<br />
<br />
* Raise awareness and promote ICZM<br />
* Provide guidance on the preparation and performance of ICZM<br />
* Support the establishment of ICZM training centres of excellence<br />
* Offer possibilities for staff exchange between different regions and countries<br />
* Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM<br />
<br />
==== '''2. Enhance stakeholder coordination and participation''' ====<br />
<br />
Obtain a more comprehensive overview and insight of current ICZM practices in Europe <br />
<br />
Establish an ICZM Advisory Board and create open stakeholder fora at European, Regional Sea and national levels to facilitate cross-sectoral stakeholder participation <br />
<br />
Build on existing organisations and practices for implementation<br />
<br />
'''Proposed actions'''<br />
<br />
* Complete the stocktake exercise in due time<br />
* Set up an ICZM advisory board at European level<br />
* Create ICZM stakeholder fora at national, Regional Seas and European levels<br />
* Build on existing organisations and practices, but modify these where necessary<br />
<br />
==== '''3. Perform a mainstreaming of European policies''' ====<br />
<br />
Incorporate ICZM in all pertinent programmes and instruments regarding their orientation (objectives) and the provision of funds<br />
<br />
Clarify the role and relationship of the different policies and instruments in ICZM for all stakeholders<br />
<br />
'''Proposed actions'''<br />
<br />
* Make clear the practical role of relevant policy strategies and regulation affecting ICZM<br />
* Incorporate ICZM in all pertinent funding instruments regarding their orientation and the conditioning of funds<br />
<br />
==== '''4. Harmonise monitoring and evaluation frameworks''' ====<br />
<br />
Draw up a baseline from a [[Sustainable Development]] perspective, including a a risk registry<br />
<br />
Harmonise methodologies for monitoring and indicators, data collection and exchange arrangements<br />
<br />
Monitor implementation progress and carry out a long-term evaluation<br />
<br />
'''Proposed actions'''<br />
<br />
* Establish a common baseline for coastal zone development in Europe<br />
* Harmonise monitoring and assessment methodologies and indicators<br />
* Improve data collection and exchange<br />
* Monitor ICZM implementation and carry out a long-term evaluation<br />
<br />
==== '''5. Improve the knowledge basis for ICZM''' ====<br />
<br />
Support ICZM research, in particular by linking into relevant action lines of FP7, and provide priority funding for projects fully in line with the principles of good ICZM<br />
<br />
Promote learning from [[good practices]] and [[bad practices]] and tools to support decision making<br />
<br />
Create a single European ICZM knowledge centre<br />
<br />
'''Proposed actions'''<br />
<br />
* Strengthen the ICZM component in FP7 research programmes<br />
* Evaluate coastal management project results and experiences<br />
* Develop and demonstrate suitable [[Decision Support Systems]] (DSS) for policy makers and practitioners<br />
* Create a common knowledge centre<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[The European Context|EU coastal related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Important_links&diff=27149Important links2009-01-27T19:03:26Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This list of important Capacity Building links can be easily updatable. New links can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help to compile a list of links to ICZM Capacity Building related institutions!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== International organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.gefweb.org/interior.aspx?id=266&ekmensel=c580fa7b_48_136_btnlink Global Environment Facility (GEF)]<br />
<br />
Established in 1991, GEF is an independent financial organization that provides grants to developing countries for projects that benefit the global environment and promote sustainable livelihoods in local communities.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.unep.org/ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)]<br />
<br />
UNEP is the voice for the environment in the United Nations system. It is an advocate, educator, catalyst and facilitator, promoting the wise use of the planet's natural assets for sustainable development. UNEP's mission is "to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations." <br />
<br />
* [http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/index.php Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC)]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wmo.ch/pages/themes/cbuilding/index_en.html World Meteorological Organization (WMO)]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.capacity.org/ Capacity.org] -A gateway for Capacity Development<br />
<br />
A web magazine-cum-portal intended for practitioners and policy makers who work in or on capacity development in international cooperation in the South. <br />
<br />
== European organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org/ The Coastal Management Centre (PAP/RAC)]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.eucc.nl/en/index.htm EUCC -The Coastal Union]<br />
<br />
European network of coastal practitioners promoting coastal and marine management that integrates biodiversity conservation with those forms of development that sustain the integrity of landscapes, the cultural heritage and the social fabric of our coasts taking into account the effects of climate change.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.inwent.org/capacity_building/index.en.shtml inWent Capacity Building International]<br />
<br />
InWEnt is a very large-scale joint undertaking of the German Federal Government, the federal state (Länder) governments and industry. InWent training courses address specialists, executives and decision-makers in industry, politics, administration and civil society. <br />
<br />
* [http://www.amrie.org/index.php?id=1 the Alliance of Maritime Regional Interests in Europe (AMRIE)]<br />
<br />
An independent not-for-profit organisation and policy research institute, established in 1993 as an initiative of Members of the European Parliament to promote a European Maritime strategy.<br />
<br />
== Research centres and institutes ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.crc.uri.edu/index.php Coastal Resources Centre, University of Rhode Island, USA]<br />
<br />
Implementing coastal management projects in the field, building capacity through education and training, and sharing lessons learned and information throughout the coastal community are the foundation of the Coastal Resources Center’s work.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/coastal.htm Centre for Coastal Studies, Simon Fraser University, Canada]<br />
<br />
It promotes interdisciplinary research, education and dialogue on Canada's coastal ecosystems, particularly those in British Columbia. By linking social and natural science with local knowledge, the Centre focuses on three key themes, namely: 1. marine conservation; 2. sustainable coastal communities and economies; and 3. building resource management capacity (government, community, academic).<br />
<br />
It also coordinates the [http://www.sfu.ca/coastalstudies/linking/about.htm Linking Science and Local Knowledge: Building Capacity for Integrated and Sustainable Management of Coastal Resources] node of the DFO/SSHRC national Ocean Management Research Network. The main objective of this node is to link scientific knowledge with local knowledge for improved, sustainable oceans and coastal management, and to assist Fisheries and Oceans Canada with an ecosystem approach to ocean resource management.<br />
<br />
== Training sites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.pap-medclearinghouse.org/ Mediterranean ICAM clearing house]<br />
<br />
Launched by the Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC) of UNEP-MAP with financial support of the European Commission. The main goal of launching this site, which has been built , is to improve information on the Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) in the Mediterranean. With this mechanism, PAP/RAC hopes to provide information, strengthen co-operation and networking among the coastal management community members, as well as to provide assistance to the improvement of the coastal management in the Mediterranean.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.marecentre.nl/align/index.html Accelerating Learning in ICZM by Generating an Adaptive European Network (ALING)]<br />
<br />
The main objective of ALIGN is to strengthen the scientific excellence on ICZM through the establishment of a network of excellence. ALIGN aims to improve ICZM practices for the sustainable management of European coasts and seas, through innovative interaction in a multidisciplinary network, which will address the pressures and multiple-use conflicts of the coastal zone.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.coastman.net.co/english/index.jsp COASTMAN] -International Training Network for ICZM<br />
<br />
COASTMAN is an international training project for integrated coastal zones management, led by Federal Republic of Germany and its federate state Bremen. COASTMAN contributes to sustainable use of coastal regions in countries members in South America, Asia Pacific and South Africa. The participants in the project improve their management skills and expertise trough training and international networking interchange. <br />
<br />
* [http://www.medopen.org/ MedOpen]<br />
<br />
Virtual Training Course on Intergrated Coastal Area Management. Target users of MedOpen are decision makers (at the local, national, regional, and international level), policy advisors, project managers, staff and experts from international organisations and institutions, academic researchers, students, and all others interested in coastal management. <br />
<br />
* [http://www.coastlearn.org/ CoastLearn EUCC]<br />
<br />
A multimedia distance training package on Integrated Coastal Zone Management<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ikzm-d.de/english.html IKZM-D LERNEN]<br />
<br />
An free of charge online learning system, which consists of independent online study, information and teaching modules, dealing with the coast and the sea in general and with Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in particular. Modules are in German - in English soon.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.oceansatlas.com/ UN Atlas of the Oceans]<br />
<br />
An information system designed for use by policy makers who need to become familiar with ocean issues and by scientists, students and resource managers who need access to underlying data bases and approaches to sustainability.<br />
<br />
* [http://iodeweb5.vliz.be/oceanteacherhome/ OceanTeacher]<br />
<br />
A training resource for Data&Information management related to Oceanography and Marine Meteorology.<br />
<br />
* [http://databases.eucc-d.de/plugins/courses/index.php EUCC-DE Database]<br />
<br />
The database contains world-wide coastal (and marine) education and training programs, summer schools and courses. All events have applied or management aspects.<br />
<br />
== Important events ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.coastday.org/ COAST DAY]<br />
<br />
Coast Day is a unique event in the Mediterranean. It aims to raise awareness of policy makers and the public of the value of the coast, as well as of applying an integrated approach to planning and management of the coastal zone.<br />
<br />
* [http://g8forum.ictp.it/ G8-UNESCO World Forum on 'Education, Research and Innovation: New Partnership for Sustainable Development']<br />
<br />
The Forum builds on the discussion launched at the St. Petersburg summit on the interconnections between the three components of the triangle of knowledge—education, scientific research and technological innovation—from the perspective of sustainable development, and seeks to identify risks and opportunities for industrialized countries as well as developing and low-income countries.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Theme 10]]<br />
[[category: People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27148Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-27T19:00:03Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help to compile a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group.<br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies -resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ices.dk/products/icesjournal.asp ICES Journal of Marine Science]<br />
* [http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11852 Journal of Coastal Conservation]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/400/description#description Marine Pollution Bulletin]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405889/description#description Ocean and Coastal Management]<br />
* [http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/ Marine Ecology Progress Series]<br />
<br />
== Case studies ==<br />
<br />
* Gee, K., Kannen, A. and Sterr H., 2000. ICZM – what lessons for Germany & Europe. FTZ-report 21<br />
* [http://www.seftoncoast.org.uk/pdf/iczmplan20062011.pdf The Sefton Coast Partnership 2006 Annual Report]<br />
* [http://www.coastlearn.org CoastLearn]<br />
* [http://www.ikzm-oder.de IKZM Lerner]<br />
* [http://www.oceanteacher.org/ OceanTeacher]<br />
<br />
== Websites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcmweb/tcm/czmlinks.htm List of Coastal Management related websites]<br />
* [http://ioc-unesco.org/ Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC_UNESCO)]<br />
* [http://www.eucc.net EUCC Coastal and Marine Union]<br />
* [http://www.eucc-d.de EUCC Germany]<br />
* [http://www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk/zone.shtm Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum]<br />
* [http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/CoastalMgt/ICZM.htm Solent Forum -Working in Partnership for the future]<br />
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/marine/index.htm DEFRA]<br />
* [http://www.lacoast.gov LaCoast]<br />
* [http://www.chesapeakebay.net/ Chesapeake Bay Program -a Watershed Partnership]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Important links|Important links to main Capacity Building institutions]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=27147Formal Capacity Building2009-01-27T18:55:57Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''"Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development"''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, A., 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop, A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., 1995 (editors). Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic and non-academic courses'''<br />
<br />
* Accredited / Not Accredited Courses<br />
<br />
There is a wide range of academic certifications both at the under- and postgraduate levels (from PhD to BSc) for educational courses, although coastal management is most frequently found in Europe in the format of MSc courses. No official academic accreditation corresponds, in general, to training courses (such as participation certificates or the equivalent to exam credits).<br />
<br />
* Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Advanced)<br />
<br />
Although the MSc is the most common format to deliver ICZM related courses, in some European countries (such as UK and The Netherlands), there are also university degrees at the undergraduate level entirely dedicated to coastal management. <br />
<br />
* Others: Distance Learning, E-Learning, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Exchange Programmes, Internships, etc.<br />
<br />
Besides, with the incorporation of new information technologies in education, a number of computer-based learning tools are being developed alongside ICZM programmes. Although face to face teaching is still the main method of delivering ICZM related courses, the percentage of distance-learning and e-learning courses is increasing.<br />
<br />
Student mobility is promoted through the establishment of educational exchange opportunities. Internships –as a pre-professional period of work experience- provide students with the opportunity to gain ‘real-life’ experience in the field of ICZM. Internships supplement academic classes and, in some cases, earn college credit (Ballinger and Lalwani 2000).<br />
<br />
Both educational exchange programmes and internships appear as common practice in many European countries.<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies (Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others: Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=27146Formal Capacity Building2009-01-27T18:54:05Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* ICZM Education and Training */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''"Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development"''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, A., 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop, A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., 1995 (editors). Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic and non-academic courses'''<br />
<br />
* Accredited / Not Accredited Courses<br />
<br />
There is a wide range of academic certifications both at the under- and postgraduate levels (from PhD to BSc) for educational courses, although coastal management is most frequently found in Europe in the format of MSc courses. No official academic accreditation corresponds, in general, to training courses (such as participation certificates or the equivalent to exam credits).<br />
<br />
* Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Advanced)<br />
<br />
Although the MSc is the most common format to deliver ICZM related courses, in some European countries (such as UK and The Netherlands), there are also university degrees at the undergraduate level entirely dedicated to coastal management. <br />
<br />
* Others: Distance Learning, E-Learning, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Exchange Programmes, Internships, etc.<br />
<br />
Besides, with the incorporation of new information technologies in education, a number of computer-based learning tools are being developed alongside ICZM programmes. Although face to face teaching is still the main method of delivering ICZM related courses, the percentage of distance-learning and e-learning courses is increasing.<br />
<br />
Student mobility is promoted through the establishment of educational exchange opportunities. Internships –as a pre-professional period of work experience- provide students with the opportunity to gain ‘real-life’ experience in the field of ICZM. Internships supplement academic classes and, in some cases, earn college credit (Ballinger and Lalwani 2000).<br />
<br />
Both educational exchange programmes and internships appear as common practice in many European countries.<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Institutional_Capacity_Building&diff=27144Institutional Capacity Building2009-01-27T12:52:27Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from the ENCORA Theme 10 stand-alone [[European Action Plan on Capacity Building for ICZM in Europe|European Action Plan (EAP) on Capacity Building for ICZM]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
'''Institutional Capacity Building''' is considered here as one of the main types of Capacity Building efforts, along with [[Human Capacity Building]]. Both are closely inter-related and complement each other. <br />
<br />
Institutional Capacity Building addresses [[Capacity Building]] beyond the provision of education and training of professionals. It aims to enhance the capacity of governments, business, non-governmental groups and communities to plan and manage the coast efficiently and effectively. It also aims to improve institutional arrangements for coastal management. This implies addressing [[Capacity Building]] on a long-term, strategic level. Concepts such as leadership, awareness, and constituency building are part and parcel of institution building.<br />
<br />
There are several dimensions regarding institutional development: one at the EU level, and the other at the national/regional/local level.<br />
<br />
== Major elements ==<br />
For the purposes of the EAP, the institutional dimension of [[Capacity Building]] is composed by the following major elements, namely:<br />
<br />
* Provision of institutional support -National Capacity Building Resources Centres ('''Capacity BRiCs''')<br />
* Mechanisms for plan implementation: Partnerships and Networking arrangements<br />
* Supporting elements: transfer of knowledge; sharing of experience & know-how; and dissemination of information<br />
<br />
===National Capacity Building Resource Centres (Capacity BRiCs)===<br />
<br />
Establishment of Capacity BRiCs will support institutions and create a focal point for training/education, professional development, awareness raising, research and information on matters related to Capacity Building on [[ICZM]]. In fact, the establishment of a network of National Capacity BRiCs may be considered as the key milestone that would mark the advancement of Capacity Building efforts in Europe.<br />
<br />
Capacity BRiCs should support actions having a tangible, positive and measurable effect on providing additional capacity to individuals and institutions. As such, they should provide support and services - in terms of human capacity building; institutional capacity building; and information - to coastal planners and managers, related institutions and the public at large.<br />
<br />
===Networking and partnership arrangements===<br />
<br />
Complementarities and integration of Capacity Building initiatives themselves are of crucial importance. Since Capacity Building will be required at various administrative levels (trans-national, national, sub-national) and for different target populations (senior level, planning and implementation level and the public at large), the use of a variety of means (i.e. partnerships and networking arrangements) to support [[Capacity Development]] will be necessary. This may result in a large number of cost effective interventions which will avoid ‘fragmentation’ and ‘isolated’ approaches that lack sustainability.<br />
<br />
'''Networking''' <br />
<br />
Networking is aimed at reinforcing capacity and avoiding fragmentation of efforts by fostering collaboration, sharing of resources (human, technical, institutional), as well as the creation of a culture of discussion and communication among all affected parties. Networking requires cooperative mechanisms among education and training institutions, the public and private sector, as required.<br />
<br />
'''Partnership arrangements'''<br />
<br />
Partnership arrangements aim at complementing efforts while matching the strengths and weaknesses of the partners. It is expected that major actors in these partnerships could involve universities, the private sector, government and local communities.<br />
<br />
===Supporting elements===<br />
<br />
'''Transfer of Knowledge'''<br />
<br />
Transfer of knowledge is a key activity to be done, using, among other means, training and/or education. It provides support to coastal managers/practitioners when facing new managerial challenges and at the same time could strengthen the required institutional and organizational capacity in ICZM. <br />
<br />
'''Sharing/exchange of experience and know-how'''<br />
<br />
Interventions that promote and enhance the sharing of experience and know-how, occupy a prominent role in CB. These interventions may be undertaken via regional or local meetings, round tables and task forces, electronic discussions, exchange of experts, study visits, and join activities among Capacity BRiCs and related partners.<br />
<br />
'''Dissemination of information''' <br />
<br />
It should be carried out by using existing information dissemination systems. Dissemination of information may include information and data on e.g. training and academic opportunities, directory of training centres, dissemination of best practices, case studies, reference material, models, training material, etc.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[The Capacity Building Concept]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Human_Capacity_Building&diff=27143Human Capacity Building2009-01-27T12:28:22Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Types of Human Capacity Building efforts */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from 2 main ENCORA [[Theme 10]] outputs:<br />
<br />
* [[European Action Plan on Capacity Building for ICZM in Europe|European Action Plan (EAP) on Capacity Building for ICZM]]<br />
* [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The scope and complexity of ICZM programmes are directly dependent on the available capacity in terms of human resources. '''Human Capacity Building''' addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out ICZM. It should focus on building an individual’s Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/A), while at the same time expanding and strengthening the network of individuals by building teams or cadres of ICZM experts across the European region and, potentially, institutions which will significantly improve the practice of coastal management.<br />
<br />
According to the results of the [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
, there is already an enormous quantity and diversity of on-going efforts. Nevertheless, fragmentation of the training and educational effort, disconnection between training efforts and management priorities, and the lack of synergy between Capacity Building initiatives are cited as major concerns and main priorities in many reports (See also ''[[Key priority ICZM capacity building related issues in Europe]]''.)<br />
<br />
Human Capacity Building has been discussed in several forums in Europe. Among the interpretations and suggestions presented, the following states that: ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, Human Capacity Building efforts need to be made in two areas:<br />
<br />
(i) to educate and train a cadre of new coastal professionals in the concepts, skills, knowledge and attitudes needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal professionals entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Types of Human Capacity Building efforts ==<br />
<br />
There are different types of Human Capacity Building efforts depending on the coastal actors or target populations, namely: Education, Training, Professional Development and Public Awareness. <br />
<br />
Additionally, these efforts can be academic or non-academic in origin as well as formal or informal in nature:<br />
<br />
[[Formal Capacity Building]] includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important means to contribute to Human Capacity Building, which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out ICZM.<br />
<br />
[[Informal Capacity Building]] addresses the creation of structures and networks which allow access to information on ICZM and builds understanding of corresponding concepts and methodologies in stakeholders who would not seek education and training through formal routes. These structures and networks also create significant extra capacity for knowledge increase amongst ICZM practitioners themselves.<br />
<br />
Besides, with the incorporation of new information technologies in education, a number of computer-based learning tools are being developed alongside ICZM programmes. Nevertheless, according to the abovementioned review, although face to face teaching is still the main method of delivering ICZM related courses, the percentage of distance-learning and e-learning courses is increasing (see also ''[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]'').<br />
<br />
===Education / Training=== <br />
<br />
There are different definitions for both education and training. The [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] uses the following definitions:<br />
<br />
* '''Education''' refers to teaching of fundamental knowledge on a certain disciplinary field;<br />
<br />
* '''Training''' refers to teaching of vocational or practical knowledge that relates to specific useful skills.<br />
<br />
Thus, education differs from training fundamentally in the type of knowledge being taught. Nevertheless, there are other relevant differences such as the length of the courses (long educational courses vs. short training courses), or the target population (training courses usually focus on professionals that need to be introduced to new techniques, tools or skills in order to adapt to their changing working environment).<br />
<br />
===Professional development===<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
===Public awareness===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Informal Capacity Building]]''<br />
<br />
Experience has shown that in many political cultures around the globe, one of the most important aspects of ICZM is the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the planning and implementation process. Many of the most successful examples of ICZM highlight the involvement of local stakeholders as a key factor in their success.<br />
<br />
However, the majority of people who should be involved (key stakeholders) are not specialists in ICZM, nor do they have the time or motivation to undertake study/training in this area.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=27142Formal Capacity Building2009-01-27T12:20:07Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''"Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development"''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, A., 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop, A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., 1995 (editors). Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=27141Formal Capacity Building2009-01-27T12:18:46Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''"Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development"''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, A., 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27077Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T12:54:03Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Websites */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group.<br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies -resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ices.dk/products/icesjournal.asp ICES Journal of Marine Science]<br />
* [http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11852 Journal of Coastal Conservation]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/400/description#description Marine Pollution Bulletin]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405889/description#description Ocean and Coastal Management]<br />
* [http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/ Marine Ecology Progress Series]<br />
<br />
== Case studies ==<br />
<br />
* Gee, K., Kannen, A. and Sterr H., 2000. ICZM – what lessons for Germany & Europe. FTZ-report 21<br />
* [http://www.seftoncoast.org.uk/pdf/iczmplan20062011.pdf The Sefton Coast Partnership 2006 Annual Report]<br />
* [http://www.coastlearn.org CoastLearn]<br />
* [http://www.ikzm-oder.de IKZM Lerner]<br />
* [http://www.oceanteacher.org/ OceanTeacher]<br />
<br />
== Websites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcmweb/tcm/czmlinks.htm List of Coastal Management related websites]<br />
* [http://ioc-unesco.org/ Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC_UNESCO)]<br />
* [http://www.eucc.net EUCC Coastal and Marine Union]<br />
* [http://www.eucc-d.de EUCC Germany]<br />
* [http://www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk/zone.shtm Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum]<br />
* [http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/CoastalMgt/ICZM.htm Solent Forum -Working in Partnership for the future]<br />
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/marine/index.htm DEFRA]<br />
* [http://www.lacoast.gov LaCoast]<br />
* [http://www.chesapeakebay.net/ Chesapeake Bay Program -a Watershed Partnership]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Important links|Important links to main Capacity Building institutions]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27076Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T12:53:12Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Case studies */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group.<br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies -resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ices.dk/products/icesjournal.asp ICES Journal of Marine Science]<br />
* [http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11852 Journal of Coastal Conservation]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/400/description#description Marine Pollution Bulletin]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405889/description#description Ocean and Coastal Management]<br />
* [http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/ Marine Ecology Progress Series]<br />
<br />
== Case studies ==<br />
<br />
* Gee, K., Kannen, A. and Sterr H., 2000. ICZM – what lessons for Germany & Europe. FTZ-report 21<br />
* [http://www.seftoncoast.org.uk/pdf/iczmplan20062011.pdf The Sefton Coast Partnership 2006 Annual Report]<br />
* [http://www.coastlearn.org CoastLearn]<br />
* [http://www.ikzm-oder.de IKZM Lerner]<br />
* [http://www.oceanteacher.org/ OceanTeacher]<br />
<br />
== Websites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcmweb/tcm/czmlinks.htm List of Coastal Management related websites]<br />
* [http://ioc-unesco.org/ Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC_UNESCO)]<br />
* [http://www.eucc.net EUCC]<br />
* [http://www.eucc-d.de EUCC Germany]<br />
* [http://www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk/zone.shtm Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum]<br />
* [http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/CoastalMgt/ICZM.htm Solent Forum -Working in Partnership for the future]<br />
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/marine/index.htm DEFRA]<br />
* [http://www.lacoast.gov LaCoast]<br />
* [http://www.chesapeakebay.net/ Chesapeake Bay Program -a Watershed Partnership]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Important links|Important links to main Capacity Building institutions]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27075Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T12:52:40Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group.<br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies -resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ices.dk/products/icesjournal.asp ICES Journal of Marine Science]<br />
* [http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11852 Journal of Coastal Conservation]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/400/description#description Marine Pollution Bulletin]<br />
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405889/description#description Ocean and Coastal Management]<br />
* [http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/ Marine Ecology Progress Series]<br />
<br />
== Case studies ==<br />
<br />
* Gee, K., Kannen, A. and Sterr H., 2000. ICZM – what lessons for Germany & Europe. FTZ-report 21<br />
* [www.seftoncoast.org.uk/pdf/iczmplan20062011.pdf The Sefton Coast Partnership 2006 Annual Report]<br />
* [www.coastlearn.org CoastLearn]<br />
* [www.ikzm-oder.de IKZM Lerner]<br />
* [http://www.oceanteacher.org/ OceanTeacher]<br />
<br />
== Websites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcmweb/tcm/czmlinks.htm List of Coastal Management related websites]<br />
* [http://ioc-unesco.org/ Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC_UNESCO)]<br />
* [http://www.eucc.net EUCC]<br />
* [http://www.eucc-d.de EUCC Germany]<br />
* [http://www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk/zone.shtm Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum]<br />
* [http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/CoastalMgt/ICZM.htm Solent Forum -Working in Partnership for the future]<br />
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/marine/index.htm DEFRA]<br />
* [http://www.lacoast.gov LaCoast]<br />
* [http://www.chesapeakebay.net/ Chesapeake Bay Program -a Watershed Partnership]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Important links|Important links to main Capacity Building institutions]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27074Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T12:13:17Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Key Documents */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies -resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* ICES Journal of Marine Science<br />
* Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy<br />
* Marine Pollution Bulletin<br />
* Ocean and Coastal Management<br />
* Marine Ecology Progress Series</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=The_Integrated_approach_to_Coastal_Zone_Management_(ICZM)&diff=27073The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)2009-01-24T12:12:33Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{featured}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
<br />
===The Coastal Zone===<br />
<br />
'''The nature of the coast'''<br />
<br />
Being the interface between the land and the ocean, coastal areas are affected by highly dynamic processes. Coastal spaces also support unique and especially fragile ecosystems, being areas of great environmental and aesthetic value. <br />
<br />
For instance, eight of the forty priority habitats listed in the [[Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Directive]] are coastal. Approximately a third of the Union's wetlands are located on the coast, as well as more than thirty per cent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Protection_Areas Special Protection Areas] designated under the [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/nature_conservation/focus_wild_birds/factsheet/index_en.htm Conservation of Wild Birds Directive]. (For more information on these Directives see [[Bird Directive, Habitat Directive, NATURA 2000]])<br />
<br />
These coastal ecosystems tend to also have very high biological productivity. The reproduction and nursery grounds of most fish and shellfish species of economic value are in the coastal strip, and a significant proportion of the catch of these species comes from this area.<br />
<br />
'''Coastal uses'''<br />
[[Image:Beach.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Different uses of the coast (housing, tourism).]]<br />
<br />
Humanity has always had a close relationship with the coast. Traditional uses of coastal space include trade and conquest, migration and defence and in some cases, a focus for cultural and spiritual identity (Carter 1988). Coastal zones are still of crucial importance for coastal states today. They are home to the bulk of the population, and account for a considerable share of the country's economic activities, being highly valued by society for the non-marketable goods and services they provide. <br />
<br />
A wide range of human activities take place in the coastal zones (industry, tourism, fishing, aquaculture, etc). When these activities develop together on the narrow coastal strip, problems tend to arise, creating conflicts. <br />
<br />
Due to its highly dynamic character, even development work with clear local objectives may have adverse effects elsewhere along the coast!<br />
<br />
'''Coastal risks'''<br />
<br />
Recent research shows that [[climate change]] could involve a rise in sea level of several millimetres per year, and an increase in the frequency and intensity of coastal storms. Depending on where they occur, the combined effects of these two phenomena will have serious repercussions on this area, such as major floods or erosion. At the same time, the expected growth, in tourism in particular, will increase human pressure on natural, rural and urban environments.<br />
<br />
'''Need for coastal management'''<br />
<br />
Protecting against coastal risks and providing adequate usages for these areas are not immediately compatible goals. In fact, the huge concentration of human activities in this narrow strip has led to rapid degradation of these zones' rich and important ecosystems and habitats and, as a result, the entire coastal system faces an uncertain future.<br />
<br />
However, the coastal zone is a difficult area to manage due to temporal issues (current, tides and seasons) and the overlapping of physical geography and hydrography (inshore, shoreline, offshore), of jurisdictions, legal mandates and the remits of government agencies and the often competing needs of [[stakeholders]]. <br />
<br />
Typically, many different local, national and regional government agencies are responsible for different aspects of the same physical areas and different uses of the coastal zone, e.g. fisheries, environment, agriculture, transport (inland and marine), urban planning and cadastre, etc. These ministries often find themselves undertaking the same or similar tasks and sometimes, even working against each other due to inharmonious and competing objectives of their legal mandates. The frequently encountered government technique of merging some ministries, organisations or agencies and separating others, either physically or based on mandates, usually fails to yield the desired results of increased efficiency in government and reduced duplication of effort and resource expenditure.<br />
<br />
=== Evolution of Coastal Zone Management practices === <br />
<br />
The largely sectoral ad-hoc management strategies of the past have proved inadequate to deal with the highly complex ‘hybrid’ human-environmental interactions characterizing the development of coastal areas. <br />
<br />
Environmental costs of the traditional model of economic growth and the current challenge imposed by the paradigm of [[Sustainable Development]] (UNEP 1992), imply a move towards more rational approaches to coastal development.<br />
<br />
As a result, Coastal Zone Management (CZM) initiatives are turning to more integrated strategies worldwide([[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)| ICZM]]), attempting to balance the benefits from the economic development and human uses of the coastal space while sustaining over the long-term, the ecological, socio-cultural, and historical values of a particular given area.<br />
<br />
'''Inputs to CZM evolution <ref> Vallega, A. 2002, Coastal Management: the Integration Principle </ref> '''<br />
<br />
* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment UN Conference in the Human Environment] (1972) and the rise of the [[Global Change concept]]<br />
<br />
* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit UN Conference on Environment and Development] (UNCED 1992) and the statement of the [[Integration Principle]] by [[Agenda 21]], Chapter 17<br />
<br />
This key statement was enunciated when coastal management had already accomplished almost three decades of evolution and implementation, during which the UN system had strongly contributed.<br />
<br />
* Implementation of national policies during the 1990s<br />
<br />
* Issues of global change, globalisation, and increasing attention to a multi-perspective concept of diversity<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, environmental and developmental goals were pursued in a non integrated way; then the need to contextually pursue them arose and expanded during the 1980s; finally the full integration was enunciated by the adoption of the sustainability concept by [[Agenda 21]] in 1992. An evolution has solidified, during which the emphasis was initially posed on the environment conceived in physical and chemical terms, then the economic and biological components were introduced, and finally the social and ethical components were embraced.<br />
<br />
=== Definitions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) ===<br />
'' See also: [[Some definitions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] '' <br />
<br />
Many definitions of the term ICZM amongst inter-governmental organisations and scientists exist. These are further explored in the article [[Some definitions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]]. There are numerous definitions from Intergovernmental organisations and science. Most of these definitions overlap, but there are differences between these definitions. The definition used in the coastal wiki can be found at [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] in the [[Glossary]].<br />
<br />
== General Principles of ICZM ==<br />
<br />
ICZM is still a relatively new and evolving concept and there is as yet no consensus regarding even issues such as the fundamental nature and structure of the coastal zone, the most appropriate time-scales for the application of CZM policies, or the key criteria for defining [[Sustainability_indicators| Sustainability]] in coastal zone development. Nevertheless, there are some agreed general principles for ICZM:<br />
<br />
=== The integration principle===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Integration Principle]]''<br />
<br />
The integration principle was developed in [[Agenda 21]] as a tool to pursue [[Sustainable Development]] in coastal zones, which requires:<br />
<br />
''"new approaches to marine and coastal area management and development, at the national, subregional, regional and global levels, approaches that are integrated in content and are precautionary and anticipatory in ambit"''<br />
[http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/index.htm| Agenda 21, 17.1, 1992]<br />
<br />
Integration can be seen as one of the tools or methodologies for realizing the goal of Holism -ideally meaning that all aspects of an issue or consequences of a decision are considered (natural sciences, economic, socio-cultural, legal, institutional questions, etc.). <br />
<br />
There is a need for at least five different dimensions of integration <ref> Cicin-Sain et al 2000, Education and Training in Integrated Coastal Management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 43 (2000) 291-330</ref>:<br />
<br />
* between sectors<br />
* between levels of government<br />
* across the land-water interface<br />
* between disciplines<br />
* between nations (esepcially when nations share an enclosed or semi-enclosed water body)<br />
<br />
=== The Precautionary Principle ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Precautionary principle]]''<br />
<br />
The Maastricht Treaty adopted the Precautionary Principle as a fundamental element of environmental policy: Article III-233 of the draft Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe.<br />
<br />
On the 2 February 2000, the European Commission issued a Communication on the precautionary principle, in which it adopted a procedure for the application of this concept, but without giving a detailed definition of it.<br />
<br />
== Ecosystem-based Management ==<br />
<br />
[[EM (Ecosystem based Management)|Ecosystem-based Management]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[The European Context|EU coastal related policies]]''<br />
<br />
== Relevant links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/home.htm EU Coastal Zone Policy]<br />
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/biblio.htm EU ICZM Bibliography]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:Policy and decision making in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27071Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T12:02:16Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Key Documents */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* EU ICZM Demmonstration Programme<br />
* DG Environmenr, DG Fisheries & DG Regional Development (1999): A European Stregy for ICZM: General Principles and political options<br />
* European Commission (Hrsg.) (2000): An assessment of the socio-economic costs & benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management - Final report to the European Commission<br />
* European Commission (2001): EU-Focal Point — Coastal Zone, Luxemburg: , 29 pp., ISBN 92-894-1149-X<br />
* EC/EP (2002): Recommendations for the implementation of ICZM in the coastal zones of Europe<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
* Regional Government of Schleswig-Holstein (2002): Generalplan Küstenschutz (Coastal Protection Framework Programme)<br />
* National ICZM strategies from EU Member States (resulting from EU ICZM Recommendation)<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* ICES Journal of Marine Science<br />
* Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy<br />
* Marine Pollution Bulletin<br />
* Ocean and Coastal Management<br />
* Marine Ecology Progress Series</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27070Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T11:57:41Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
== Key Documents ==<br />
<br />
* Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR (yearly updated)<br />
* Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.<br />
<br />
== Key Journals ==<br />
<br />
* ICES Journal of Marine Science<br />
* Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy<br />
* Marine Pollution Bulletin<br />
* Ocean and Coastal Management<br />
* Marine Ecology Progress Series</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27069Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T11:55:13Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Key Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E., 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics. Addison-Wesley (third edition).<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester (thrid edition).<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use. Addison-Wesley (second edition).<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
<br />
Aquatic Conservation; Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems; Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science; ICES Journal of Marine Science; -Scientific papers published in Journals such as: Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy; Marine Pollution Bulletin; Ocean and Coastal Management; Marine Ecology Progress Series<br />
Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR, yearly updated<br />
Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27068Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T11:52:54Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Key Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E. 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics - Third Edition, Addison-Wesley.<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 3rd Edition.<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use - Second Edition, Addison-Wesley.<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., 2001. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science. <br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., 2005. Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press.<br />
* Kumar, R., 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications (second edition).<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pinet, P.R., 2003. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett (third edition).<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on<br />
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science). <br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Stopford, M., 2006. Maritime Economics II. Taylor & Francis, Inc. (second edition).<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., 1998. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Ltd. (fourth edition). <br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy. Addison Wesley (fourth edition). <br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
<br />
Aquatic Conservation; Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems; Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science; ICES Journal of Marine Science; -Scientific papers published in Journals such as: Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy; Marine Pollution Bulletin; Ocean and Coastal Management; Marine Ecology Progress Series<br />
Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR, yearly updated<br />
Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27067Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T11:34:48Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.<br />
<br />
== Key Sources ==<br />
<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2003. Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.<br />
* Barragán, J.M., 2004. Las áreas litorales en España. Ariel.<br />
* Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., Hay, M.E. 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinuaer Associates.<br />
* Booth, D., 1998. Foundation Mathematics - Third Edition, Addison-Wesley.<br />
* Carlenton Ray, G., McCormick-Ray, J., 2004. Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy. Blackwell Publishing.<br />
* Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 3rd Edition.<br />
* Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W., 1998. Integrated coastal and ocean management. Island Press (electronic book).<br />
* Clark, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis publishers. <br />
* Doody, J.P., 2001. Coastal conservation and management. An ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <br />
* Dyer, K.R., 1997. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction.<br />
* Dyke, P., 1998. Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.<br />
* French, P.W., 1997. Coastal and estuarine management. Routledge Enrivonmental management series.<br />
* French, P.W., 2001. Coastal defenses: resource processes, problems and solutions. Routledge (electronic book).<br />
* Hardistry, J., 2004. Monitoring and Modelling Estuary Systems.<br />
* Hartwick, J.M. and Olewiler, N.D., 1998. The Economics of Natural Resource Use - Second Edition, Addison-Wesley.<br />
* Mann, K.H., 2000. Ecology of coastal waters. With implications for management. Blackwell Sciences.<br />
* Perrow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Pink, A., 2000: Integrated coastal zone management; strategies & technologies for ICZM. ICG Publishin<br />
* Nybakken, J.W., 2001. Marine biology. An ecological approach. <br />
* Salomons, W., Blayne B.L., Duursma E.K. and Forstner U., 1988. Pollution of the North Sea - an assessment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
* Salomons, W., Turner, R.K., de Lacerda, L.D., and S. Ramachandran, S., 1999. Perspectives on<br />
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Environmental Science)<br />
* Sobel, J. and Dahlgren, C., 2004. Marine reserves. A guide to Science, Design and Use.<br />
* Tietenberg, T., 2004. Environmental Economics and Policy - Fourth Edition, Addison Wesley.<br />
* Viles, H. and Spencer, T., 1995. Coastal problems. Geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group. <br />
<br />
<br />
* Glaeser, B., 2005. Küste, Ökologie, Mensch.<br />
* Kay, R. and Alder, J., . Coastal Planning and Management (second edition)<br />
* Little, C., . The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries<br />
* Little, C. and Kitching, J.A., . The Biology of Rocky Shores<br />
Ranjit Kumar, R., . Research Methodology<br />
<br />
* Pinet, P.R., . Invitation to Oceanography (third edition)<br />
* Stopford, M., . Maritime Economics (second edition)<br />
* Tait, R.V. and Dipper, F.A., . Elements of Marine Ecology (fourth edition)<br />
* Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. and Reynolds, J.D., . Marine Fisheries Ecology<br />
<br />
<br />
Aquatic Conservation; Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems; Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science; ICES Journal of Marine Science; -Scientific papers published in Journals such as: Journal of Coastal Conservation Marine Policy; Marine Pollution Bulletin; Ocean and Coastal Management; Marine Ecology Progress Series<br />
Coast in Conflict, TU Delft and UNESCO-IHR, yearly updated<br />
Integriertes Küstenmanagement als Instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Oekom-Verlag.</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_existing_ICZM_educational_material&diff=27066Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material2009-01-24T11:09:22Z<p>Maicagarriga: New page: This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 Review of ICZM related courses in Europe. This list of learning materials can be easily upda...</p>
<hr />
<div>This catalogue has resulted from the ENCORA Theme 10 [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]].<br />
<br />
This list of learning materials can be easily updatable with pertinent modifications by the course coordinators in due time. New materials can be also included in the list, which therefore can grow indefinitely.<br />
<br />
'''Help us compiling a list of ICZM learning materials!''' <br />
<br />
'''Note:''' If you have not yet an editing authorisation we ask you to send your contact details to your National Network coordinator or to General ENCORA [mailto:info@encora.eu here]. You will be registered in the [http://www.encora.eu/index.php?option=com_imis&Itemid=17 ENCORA Contact Database] and you will receive an editing authorisation, eventually with some additional instructions.</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26952Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:44:16Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''"Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development"''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26951Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:43:39Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26950Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:43:19Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The '''results''' of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience.<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five '''major issues''' in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26946Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:41:37Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation carried out by Cicin-Sain et al (2000)<ref>Cicin-Sain B, Knecht R, Vallega A, Harakunarak A. Education and training in integrated coastal management: lessons from the international arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:291-330.</ref>. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26941Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:35:21Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT], [http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2] and [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26940Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:34:51Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as [[http://corepoint.ucc.ie/ COREPOINT]], [[http://eu-comet2.rshu.ru/ COMET2]] and [[http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA]] are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26939Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:32:26Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the K/S/As needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26938Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:31:19Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (K/S/As) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26935Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:28:20Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop<ref>Crawford, B., Cobb, J.S., Ming, C.L., editors. Educating Coastal Managers: Proceedings of the Rhode Island Workshop, W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, March 4-10, 1995.</ref> key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26934Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:23:34Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application<ref>Smith H., 2000, Education and training for integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:379-387.</ref>. The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education<ref>Vallega, 2000, Introduction: Coastal education –a multifaceted challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000 (Editorial); 43:277-290.</ref>. <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates<ref>Chircop A., 2000, Teaching integrated coastal management: lessons from the learning arena. Ocean & Coastal Management 2000; 43:343-359.</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26933Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T15:18:52Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26930Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:28:24Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides [[ENCORA Thematic Network 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26929Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:27:24Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA [[Theme 10]] on ''Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe'', other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26928Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:27:00Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, the aforementioned [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref> carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title ''Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM'' is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA [[Theme 10]] on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26927Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:13:27Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>This article has been extracted from [[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]] -a major ENCORA [[Theme 10]] output.<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26926Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:11:06Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* The Historical Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales (see also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]'').<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26925Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:09:36Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26924Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:08:49Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships, etc.<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26923Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:08:01Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
'''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
'''Associated Services'''<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
'''Existing resources'''<br />
*[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
*[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26921Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:07:00Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of Education and Training efforts in Europe ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
* '''Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
**Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
**Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
**Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
**Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
* '''Non-Academic Education and Training'''<br />
<br />
**Summer Schools<br />
**Professional Development<br />
**Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
* '''Associated Services'''<br />
<br />
**Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
**Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
**Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
**Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
**Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
* '''Existing resources'''<br />
<br />
**[[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes|Catalogue of ICZM related courses in Europe]]<br />
<br />
**[[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]<br />
<br />
== ICZM Professional Development ==<br />
<br />
Professional development refers to the enhancement of personnel working in ICZM related fields by providing them with new Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes (S/K/A) for performing new tasks strictly related to the [[ICZM Policy Cycle]] (see also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''). This includes Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities for new and existing coastal professionals.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26918Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T12:00:17Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Further reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Assessment in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Evidence of Needs|Past efforts to define capacity building needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Assessment of training needs]]''<br />
<br />
* See also ''[[Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26917Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:58:13Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills (K/A/Ss) needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26914Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:54:46Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Capacity Building in the frame of EU ICZM related policies]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.rupprecht-consult.de/download/Evaluation%20of%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf ICZM Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe] (18 August 2006)<br />
<br />
The ICZM Evaluation Team of [http://www.rupprecht-consult.eu/ Rupprecht Consult] and the [http://www.ioinst.org/ International Ocean Institute (IOI)] were appointed by the European Commision to carry out an independent evaluation of ICZM in Europe.<br />
<br />
* [http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_6/en/eea_report_6_2006.pdf The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas] (EEA Report No 6/2006)<br />
<br />
This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26913Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:53:03Z<p>Maicagarriga: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26912Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:52:40Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in [[Evaluation of ICZM in Europe|the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe]]<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006. Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany</ref>, the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26910Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:49:55Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe (2006), the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26908Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:49:15Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[the Integrated Approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|The Integrated Approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe (2006), the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26907Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:48:55Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, [[The Integrated Approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|the Integrated Approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]], adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe (2006), the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26905Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:34:28Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, the integrated approach to the management of coastal zones, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the sustainable development of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe (2006), the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important formal means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarrigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_Capacity_Building&diff=26904Formal Capacity Building2009-01-21T11:33:49Z<p>Maicagarriga: /* ICZM Education and Training */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Since 1992, the integrated approach to the management of coastal zones, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was embraced by nations around the world. Nowadays, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has been recognized by the European Commission as the tool to achieve the sustainable development of European coastal areas.<br />
<br />
[[ICZM]] implies integration among different coastal and marine sectors (e.g. fisheries, tourism, transportation, etc.) and levels of government (from the international to the local) as well as among the different coastal research and the management entities. However, the reality is that coastal research and management have largely focused on single disciplines and single sectors respectively while at the same time working independently from each other. As acknowledged in the Evaluation Report of ICZM in Europe (2006), the challenges to develop and implement ICZM initiatives are considerable:<br />
<br />
''Sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological and social processes has to be ‘translated’, and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development.''<br />
<br />
To achieve integrated management, it is very important to provide the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to a wide range of coastal actors (i.e. scientists and researchers, managers and planners, decision-makers and policy makers, etc). ICZM represents a new management paradigm for the coastal professionals and a new way of thinking for the scientists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas: <br />
<br />
(i) to prepare a cadre of new coastal actors in the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for ICZM; and<br />
<br />
(ii) to re-orient existing coastal actors generally entering the ICZM field through single disciplines and sectors<br />
<br />
Formal Capacity Building includes '''education''', '''training''' and '''professional development'''. They are important means to contribute to [[Human Capacity Building]], which addresses the preparation of the required coastal actors to carry out [[ICZM]].<br />
<br />
It is important to note that these formal efforts can be either academic or non-academic in origin.<br />
<br />
==ICZM Education and Training ==<br />
<br />
See also ''[[ICZM Education and Training in Europe|Review of ICZM related courses in Europe]]''<br />
<br />
=== The Historical Context ===<br />
<br />
Since the emergence of the ICZM field in the late 1960s, education and training has developed in parallel with both academic thinking and practical application (Smith 2000). The coastal management programmes, which have been carried out since mid-1970s, have further developed conceptual methodological frameworks sustaining research, which in turn can be used to inform the goals and content of approaches to education (Vallega 2000). <br />
<br />
There have been a number of efforts in the past several years to assess needs for ICZM training and education, to estimate the demand for coastal professionals, to develop models of ICZM training and education, and to develop strategies for carrying out ICZM capacity building at global, regional, national and sub-national scales.<br />
<br />
The preparatory work to the 1998 Genoa Conference included an extended questionnaire-based investigation. The questionnaire was addressed to academic institutions and non-governmental organisations actually or potentially involved in coastal education. The aim was that of sketching a comprehensive view of what conceptual and methodological approaches, technical tools and curricula were in use.<br />
<br />
The results of such investigation resulted on a review of selected education and training international efforts in ICZM worldwide. The international character of education and training in ICZM at that time was summarized in the following points:<br />
<br />
* There are 2 major types of capacity building efforts, often with certain overlapping:<br />
<br />
(1) University-based ICZM degrees programmes or with specialization in ICZM (module within the programme), at different levels (under and postgraduate levels); <br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most significant developments in the 1990s was the widespread increase of ICZM related tertiary education degree programmes, which is the result of the university recognition that ICZM is a legitimate field of knowledge accompanied by an actual or potential job market for graduates (Chircop 2000).<br />
<br />
It is important to note that the university capacity should be developed -according to one of the Rhode Island workshop (1995) key recommendations-, to meet 2 kinds of needs: short-term training needs which provide an orientation to the ICZM field and develop specific skills; and longer-term education programmes that offer more depth and experience<br />
<br />
(2) Specific ICZM courses (generally short courses); these courses can be taught in the context of degree programmes and non-university entities (such as research centres, NGOs, etc.)<br />
<br />
* The knowledge of ICZM concepts and processes was a common feature of the surveyed courses, with some varying degrees of emphasis<br />
<br />
* Most of the surveyed courses were designed to introduce important features and elements of ICZM (e.g. focus on conceptual background, the role of the integration concept, and practical skills for specific management situations); a widely discussed issue was conflicts among coastal users<br />
<br />
* Whereas multiple coastal-related disciplines were utilized in ICZM courses, a relatively less explored area was the role of economic principles of ICZM<br />
<br />
* Case studies were commonly used to reflect what has been learned from ICZM practice. In contrast, international guidelines and agreements received relatively less attention<br />
<br />
Five major issues in the further development of ICZM education and training were also identified:<br />
<br />
# Reaching consensus on core concepts and frameworks in the field (which indicates process of ‘maturation’ of the field);<br />
# The need to tailor the content of ICZM courses to fit the varying contexts (i.e. minimum tailoring for elements dealing with physical coastal processes; some tailoring for types of management measures; and detailed tailoring for aspects that involve institutions and their interactions);<br />
# Realizing holism in ICZM (through integration);<br />
# The need for networking in ICZM education and training (to enhance the sharing and dissemination of current practices of teaching and training in ICZM);<br />
# Special issues associated with building capacity in ICZM in the developing world.<br />
<br />
In Europe, there are a high number of ICZM related courses. However, fragmentation of the training and educational effort has been identified in many European official reports as one of the main concerns regarding the planning and implementation of ICZM initiatives. As these efforts are developed in isolation, existing resources are not fully exploited.<br />
<br />
In fact, an evaluation of ICZM in Europe carried out in 2006, acknowledged that there is little systematic comparative information on the growing number ICZM related courses in Europe, making it difficult to reach an overall assessment of what is being taught and with what success. At present, although there are a number of specialized websites belonging to European institutions that offer information on existing ICZM related courses, this information is neither exhaustive nor up-to-date. In fact, one of the actions proposed in such evaluation report under the title 'Review, endorse and promote academic courses on ICZM’ is to establish a European database for comparative analysis of education and training courses and corresponding materials. As a result, there is a number of on-going EU funded initiatives dealing with capacity building for ICZM, which reflects the increasing attention given to this topic. Besides ENCORA -through its thematic network on Capacity Building, Education and Training for ICZM in Europe-, other projects such as COREPOINT, COMET2 and SPICOSA are also facing this information gap, and carrying out a review of ICZM related courses in Europe is among their objectives.<br />
The development of such a European database is also among the objectives of many on-going EU funded research projects (e.g. EU COMET2, SPICOSA, LEONARDO, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== Future Trends and Requirements ===<br />
<br />
See also ''[[Survey Results]]''<br />
<br />
==Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Accredited / Not Accredited Courses/Programmes<br />
*Education (Taught Course / Research Education) and Training or both<br />
(including vocational degrees)<br />
*Undergraduate (Basic) and Postgraduate (Masters/PhD) (Advanced)<br />
(including ref. to Bologna Process cf. to UK)<br />
*Others<br />
Distance Learning, E-Learning, Summer Schools, Access Courses (Basic/Advanced), Professional Development, Research Exchange Programmes, Internships, Fellowships……<br />
<br />
Note: not always academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Non-Academic Education and Training==<br />
<br />
*Summer Schools<br />
*Professional Development<br />
*Internships<br />
<br />
Note: not always non-academic in origin<br />
<br />
==Associated Services== <br />
<br />
*Centres of Excellence / Thematic Researchers<br />
*Education and Training Networks (European / Global)<br />
*Funding and Grant Opportunities<br />
*Work Experience Opportunities<br />
*Career Case Studies <br />
(Sharing Experiences, Career Pathways)<br />
*Others<br />
Employer Input and Feedback, Case Studies, Skill Requirements, Forum, Platform<br />
<br />
Note: Short paragraphs of text to provide context PLUS links to websites and clearinghouse<br />
<br />
==Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes==<br />
<br />
''see [[Catalogue of ICZM courses and programmes]]'' <br />
<br />
==Catalogue of existing educational material==<br />
<br />
'' See [[Catalogue of existing ICZM educational material]]''<br />
<br />
== Roadmap for Capacity Building for ICZM ==<br />
<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/State_of_the_Art_of_Capacity_Building_in_Europe:_list_of_articles List of articles on Capacity Building for ICZM]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{|border=1 style="border:1px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" <br />
|cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#cee0f2; font-size:100%" colspan=1 align=center height=20px|[http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Image:Theme10_40.png Capacity Building Network main page]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
| AuthorID=12516<br />
| AuthorFullName=Garriga, Maica<br />
|AuthorName=Maicagarriga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques and methods in coastal management]]<br />
[[category: Integrated coastal zone management]]<br />
[[category:People and organisations in coastal management]]<br />
[[category:theme 10]]<br />
[[category:Education, awareness and capacity building in integrated coastal zone management]]</div>Maicagarriga