Anthracene - Bewerkingsoverzicht

Daphnisd op 19 mrt 2013 om 15:28

Daphnisd — Tue, 19 Mar 2013 15:28:01 GMT

Daphnisd op 19 mrt 2013 om 14:31

Daphnisd — Tue, 19 Mar 2013 14:31:22 GMT

Daphnisd: /* Behaviour */

Daphnisd — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 11:28:07 GMT

‎Behaviour

Daphnisd op 2 okt 2009 om 11:17

Daphnisd — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 11:17:28 GMT

Daphnisd: /* Effects on health */

Daphnisd — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 08:32:21 GMT

‎Effects on health

Daphnisd: /* Natural state and human emission */

Daphnisd — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 08:31:01 GMT

‎Natural state and human emission

Daphnisd: /* Effects on health */

Daphnisd — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 08:29:39 GMT

‎Effects on health

Daphnisd: /* Behaviour */

Daphnisd — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 08:20:49 GMT

‎Behaviour

Daphnisd: /* Behaviour */

Daphnisd — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 08:20:24 GMT

‎Behaviour

Daphnisd: /* Environmental standards and legislation */

Daphnisd — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 08:49:17 GMT

‎Environmental standards and legislation

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 {{ Definition|title= anthracene

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	{{ Definition\|title= anthracene		{{ Definition\|title= anthracene

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 ===Behaviour===
-In water, anthracene is easily [[adsorption|adsorbed]] on particles in suspension. However, it may also volatilize, which means its final amount is the result of two processes in competition. In soils, anthracene does not move very much: it may volatilize from moist soils, but only very little from dry ones.<ref name="hsdb">[http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov HSDB (2001) - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Anthracene. Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine.  ]</ref>
+In water, anthracene is easily [[adsorption|adsorbed]] on particles in suspension. However, it may also [[volatile|volatilize]], which means its final amount is the result of two processes in competition. In soils, anthracene does not move very much: it may volatilize from moist soils, but only very little from dry ones.<ref name="hsdb">[http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov HSDB (2001) - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Anthracene. Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine.  ]</ref>
 In distilled water, anthracene is destroyed by photolysis in several hours when it is exposed to natural light. However, the substance is not biodegradable: after 28 days in living organisms, only 1.9% of the substance is destroyed.<ref>Callahan M.A., Slimak M.W., Gabel N.W., May I.P., Fowler C.F., Freed J.R., Jennings P., Durfee R.L., Whitmore F.C., Maestri W.R., Mabey B.R. and Holt B.R. (1979) - Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Volume II. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated ethers, monocyclic aromatics, phtalates esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, miscellaneous compounds. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA-440/4-79-029b.</ref>

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	{{ Definition\|title= anthracene		{{ Definition\|title= anthracene

−	\|definition= Anthracene forms part of a wide group of [[PAH\|polyaromatic hydrocarbons]]. Of this group antracene is one of the more toxic ones. <ref>Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref> }}	+	\|definition= Anthracene forms part of a wide group of [[PAH\|polyaromatic hydrocarbons]]. Of this group antracene is one of the more toxic ones<ref>Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>. }}

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 Other effects have been found to occur on animals, like reproductive problems, birth defects, and damage to the immune system. These effects have not yet been demonstrated on humans.
-It also remains to be proven that anthracene is a cancer causing substance.
+It also remains to be proven whether anthracene is a cancer causing substance.
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@@ Regel 25: / Regel 25: @@
 The main sources of anthropic emissions are the following:
-* tailpipes of car motors (0.02 to 6.45 &mu;g/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref>OMS IPCS (1998) - Environmental Health Criteria 202: Selected Non-Heterocyclic Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. World Health Organisation, International Programme on Chemical Safety. [http://www.inchem.org/fullist.htm http://www.inchem.org/fullist.htm]</ref>;
+* tailpipes of car motors (0.02 to 6.45 &mu;g/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref>OMS IPCS (1998) - Environmental Health Criteria 202: Selected Non-Heterocyclic Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. World Health Organisation, International Programme on Chemical Safety.</ref>;
 * cokefaction and gaseifaction of coal and more generally emissions of coal kilns and fuel kilns;
 * purification of petrol;

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 ===Effects on health===
-One of the most common ways to be contaminated by anthracene is through breathing contaminated air. If one eats food which contains anthracene or drinks polluted water, he can also ingest anthracene. Researches have proven that another source of exposure is the simple contact of the skin with contaminated soil or products like heavy oils, coal tar, roofing tar or creosote (oily liquid found in coal tar and used to preserve wood). Target organs reached by anthracene include the kidneys, the liver and fat.
+One of the most common ways to be contaminated by anthracene is through breathing contaminated air. One can also ingest anthracene by eating food containing anthracene or drinking [[pollution|polluted]] water. A third source of exposure is direct contact of the skin with contaminated soil or products like heavy oils, coal tar, roofing tar or creosote (oily liquid found in coal tar and used to preserve wood). Target organs affected by anthracene include the kidneys, the liver and fat.
-Once inside a body, anthracene seems to target skin, blood, stomach, intestines and the lymph system. Exposure to high doses of anthracene for a short time can cause damage to the skin, like burning, itching and edema, a build up of fluid in tissues. Humans exposed to anthracene experienced headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, inflammation or swelling of the stomach and intestines. In addition, their reaction time slowed and they felt weak.
+Once inside a body, anthracene seems to target skin, blood, stomach, intestines and the lymph system. Exposure to high doses of anthracene at a short time can cause damage to the skin, like burning, itching and edema and a build up of fluid in tissues. Humans exposed to anthracene experienced headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, inflammation or swelling of the stomach and intestines. In addition, their reaction time slowed and they felt weak.
-Other effects have been found to occur on animals, like reproductive problems, birth defects after an exposure of a pregnant test subject to the substance, and damage to the immune systems. However, these effects have not been seen on humans until now.
+Other effects have been found to occur on animals, like reproductive problems, birth defects, and damage to the immune system. These effects have not yet been demonstrated on humans.
-Nevertheless, no experience has proven anthracene to be a cancer causing substance yet.
+It also remains to be proven that anthracene is a cancer causing substance.
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 <P>
 == Environmental standards and legislation ==

@@ Regel 38: / Regel 38: @@
 In distilled water, anthracene is destroyed by photolysis in several hours when it is exposed to natural light. However, the substance is not biodegradable: after 28 days in living organisms, only 1.9% of the substance is destroyed.<ref>Callahan M.A., Slimak M.W., Gabel N.W., May I.P., Fowler C.F., Freed J.R., Jennings P., Durfee R.L., Whitmore F.C., Maestri W.R., Mabey B.R. and Holt B.R. (1979) - Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Volume II. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated ethers, monocyclic aromatics, phtalates esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, miscellaneous compounds. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA-440/4-79-029b.</ref>
-Anthracene may also [[bioaccumulate]] in aquatic organisms, as in some organisms it can be absorbed 10.000 times faster than eliminated. <ref>Spacie A., Landrum P. and Leversee G. (1983) - Uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene in bluegill sunfish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 7, 330-341.</ref><ref>Linder G., Bergman H. and Meyer J. (1985) - Anthracene bioconcentration in rainbow-trout during single-compound and complex-mixture exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem, 4, 549-558.</ref><ref>CITI (1992) - Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute. Japan. October 1992.</ref>
+Anthracene may also [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] in aquatic organisms, as in some organisms it can be absorbed 10.000 times faster than eliminated. <ref>Spacie A., Landrum P. and Leversee G. (1983) - Uptake, depuration, and biotransformation of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene in bluegill sunfish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 7, 330-341.</ref><ref>Linder G., Bergman H. and Meyer J. (1985) - Anthracene bioconcentration in rainbow-trout during single-compound and complex-mixture exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem, 4, 549-558.</ref><ref>CITI (1992) - Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute. Japan. October 1992.</ref>
 ===Effects on health===

@@ Regel 55: / Regel 55: @@
 == Environmental standards and legislation ==
-[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included (as polyaromatic hydrocarbon) in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
+[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included (as polyaromatic hydrocarbons) in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
 [[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]