Cadmium - Bewerkingsoverzicht

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Daphnisd: /* Notes */

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‎Notes

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Daphnisd: /* Environmental standards and legislation */

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‎Environmental standards and legislation

Daphnisd op 30 jul 2009 om 13:21

Daphnisd — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 13:21:55 GMT

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-===   ===
+{{Tocright}}
 {{
 Definition|title= cadmium
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 ==References==
 <references/>
+{{author
 [[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]

@@ Regel 13: / Regel 13: @@
 The main [[anthropogenic]] sources are [[copper]] and [[zinc]] smelting, batteries and fuel combustion. It mostly enters the marine ecosystem through atmospheric loading and riverine discharges<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
-Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates<ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref>.  In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage<ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref>.  Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were higher than 0,34mg/l<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
+Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates<ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref>.  In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage<ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref>.  Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were above 0,34mg/l<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
 Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>.
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 <BR>
 <P>
 == Case studies ==

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 Definition|title= cadmium
-|definition=Cadmium is a [[heavy metals|heavy metal]] with symbol Cd and atomic number 48 <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium</ref>}}
+|definition=Cadmium is a [[heavy metals|heavy metal]] with symbol Cd and atomic number 48<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium</ref>.}}
 == Notes ==

@@ Regel 11: / Regel 11: @@
 </div>]]
-The main [[anthropogenic]] sources are [[copper]] and [[zinc]] smelting, batteries and fuel combustion. It mostly enters the marine ecosystem through atmospheric loading and riverine discharges.<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>
+The main [[anthropogenic]] sources are [[copper]] and [[zinc]] smelting, batteries and fuel combustion. It mostly enters the marine ecosystem through atmospheric loading and riverine discharges<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
-Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates. <ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref> In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage. <ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were higher than 0,34mg/l. <ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>
+Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates<ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref>.  In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage<ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref>.  Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were higher than 0,34mg/l<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
-Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them.<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>
+Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>.
 <P>
 <BR>

@@ Regel 13: / Regel 13: @@
 The main [[anthropogenic]] sources are [[copper]] and [[zinc]] smelting, batteries and fuel combustion. It mostly enters the marine ecosystem through atmospheric loading and riverine discharges.<ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>
-Cadmium is regarded as one of the most toxic metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It causes cancer in animals, and in vertebrates it causes kidney toxicity. <ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref> In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage. <ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were higher than 0,34mg/l. <ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>
+Cadmium is regarded as one of the most [[toxic]] metals. It causes sublethal and behavioral effects at lower concentrations than mercury and lead. It's cancerogenic and causes kidney toxicity in vertebrates. <ref name = bird>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref> In humans it might also lead to skeletal deficiencies and lung damage. <ref>eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, 2004;  New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> Environmental concentrations of 5µg/l have affected the reproduction of copepods, decreased the abundance of isopods and depressed the growth of juvenile plaice. Laboratory LC<sub>50</sub> (the concentration at which 50% of the test subjects die) toxic levels for copepods were higher than 0,34mg/l. <ref name = t> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>
 Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them.<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>

← Oudere versie		Versie van 31 jul 2009 om 08:50
Regel 50:		Regel 50:
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
		+
		+
		+	[[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]

@@ Regel 45: / Regel 45: @@
 [http://www.vliz.be/projects/endis/EDnorth.php?showchemprop=true&showeffects=true&chemeffects=true&chemid=323 Cadmium on the ED North Database]
-[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00151_Background%20document%20on%20Cadmium.pdf OSPAR background document on Cadmium]
+[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00151_Background%20document%20on%20Cadmium.pdf OSPAR background document on cadmium]
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Oudere versie		Versie van 30 jul 2009 om 13:28
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	[[List of priority substances\|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]		[[List of priority substances\|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]

		+	<BR>
	== See also ==		== See also ==

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-[[OSPAR List of priority substances]]
+[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
-−
-[[List of priority substances|Water framework list of priority substances]]
 == See also ==

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 Like other heavy metals, cadmium does not have [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]] properties. Higher trophic levels accumulate low amounts of cadmium and are able to deal with them efficiently with [[metallothionein|metallothioneins]]. Mollusks contain large amounts of cadmium and seem to [[bioaccumulation|accumulate]] them.<ref>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>
 <P>
+<BR>
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 == Case studies ==
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 [[Heavy metals in various Belgian benthic invertebrates]]
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+<BR>
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 == Environmental standards and legislation ==