Difference between revisions of "Clotrimazole"
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Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of | Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of | ||
| − | waste water from households. | + | waste water from households.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref> |
Clotrimazole has a low water solubility, the maximum concentration which in water is only 0,49 mg/l. It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability. It has only a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]]. It is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 0,02 mg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate concentrations up to 0,29 mg/l. However prolonged exposure to concentrations of 0,025 mg/l might already cause effects on the fish. | Clotrimazole has a low water solubility, the maximum concentration which in water is only 0,49 mg/l. It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability. It has only a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]]. It is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 0,02 mg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate concentrations up to 0,29 mg/l. However prolonged exposure to concentrations of 0,025 mg/l might already cause effects on the fish. | ||
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The highest concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] is 22 ng/l. | The highest concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] is 22 ng/l. | ||
| − | At present | + | At present OSPAR considers it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref> |
<P> | <P> | ||
Revision as of 16:48, 6 August 2009
Definition of clotrimazole:
Clotrimazole is a pharmaceutical. Its main use is for treatment of dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections.[1]
This is the common definition for clotrimazole, other definitions can be discussed in the article
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Notes
| Trifluralin |
|---|
|
| Formula |
| C13H16F3N3O4 |
Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of waste water from households.[1]
Clotrimazole has a low water solubility, the maximum concentration which in water is only 0,49 mg/l. It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability. It has only a low to moderate tendency to bioacumulate. It is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 0,02 mg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate concentrations up to 0,29 mg/l. However prolonged exposure to concentrations of 0,025 mg/l might already cause effects on the fish.
The highest concentrations measured in estuaries is 22 ng/l.
At present OSPAR considers it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.[1]
Environmental standards and legislation
Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action
See also
OSPAR background document on clotrimazole
