Difference between revisions of "Clotrimazole"
(→Notes) |
(→Notes) |
||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
Clotrimazole has a low water solubility (0,49 mg/l). It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability and has a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]]. | Clotrimazole has a low water solubility (0,49 mg/l). It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability and has a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]]. | ||
| − | + | Clotrimazole is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 20 µg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. [[Pollution and pelagic fish|Fish]] can tolerate short exposures to concentrations bellow 0,29 mg/l although they might be affected by prolonged exposure to clotrimazole concentrations of 0,025 mg/l. In rats, doses of up to 50 mg per kg body weight caused a reduced survival rate of pups. <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref> | |
| + | Microalgal communities might be extremely sensitive to the substance. Concentrations as low as 17 ng/l might already result in adverse effects on the algae and concentrations of 3,5 µg/l cause visual effects on community growth. <ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=21146400 Porsbring Tobias; Blanck Hans; Tjellström Henrik; Backhaus Thomas 2009, Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2009;91(3):203-11.]</ref> | ||
| − | The highest | + | The highest concentration measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] is 22 ng/l, the median is 7ng/l. |
In 2005 OSPAR considered it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref> | In 2005 OSPAR considered it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref> | ||
Revision as of 12:57, 27 August 2009
Definition of clotrimazole:
Clotrimazole is a pharmaceutical. It's mainly used to treat dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections.[1]
This is the common definition for clotrimazole, other definitions can be discussed in the article
|
Notes
| Clotrimazole |
|---|
|
| Formula |
| C22H17ClN2 |
Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment comes from discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of waste water from households.[1]
Clotrimazole has a low water solubility (0,49 mg/l). It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability and has a low to moderate tendency to bioacumulate.
Clotrimazole is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 20 µg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate short exposures to concentrations bellow 0,29 mg/l although they might be affected by prolonged exposure to clotrimazole concentrations of 0,025 mg/l. In rats, doses of up to 50 mg per kg body weight caused a reduced survival rate of pups. [1] Microalgal communities might be extremely sensitive to the substance. Concentrations as low as 17 ng/l might already result in adverse effects on the algae and concentrations of 3,5 µg/l cause visual effects on community growth. [2]
The highest concentration measured in estuaries is 22 ng/l, the median is 7ng/l.
In 2005 OSPAR considered it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.[1]
Environmental standards and legislation
Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action
See also
OSPAR background document on clotrimazole
