Difference between revisions of "Clotrimazole"

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{{Definition|title= clotrimazole  
 
{{Definition|title= clotrimazole  
  
|definition= Clotrimazole is a pharmaceutical. Its main use is for treatment of dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>}}
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|definition= Clotrimazole is a pharmaceutical. It's mainly used to treat dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>.}}
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
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Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of
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Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of waste water from households.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>
waste water from households.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>
 
  
Clotrimazole has a low water solubility, the maximum concentration which in water is only 0,49 mg/l. It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability. It has only a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]]. It is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 0,02 mg/l have lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate concentrations up to 0,29 mg/l. However prolonged exposure to concentrations of 0,025 mg/l might already cause effects on the fish. In rats doses up to 50 mg per kg body weight were necessary to cause a reduced survival rate of pups.
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Clotrimazole has a low water solubility (0,49 mg/l). It is considered a [[persistent]] substance which shows little or no biodegradability and has a low to moderate tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioacumulate]].  
  
The highest concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] is 22 ng/l, the median measured concentrations in estuaries is 7ng/l.  
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Clotrimazole is a [[toxic]] substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 20 µg/l cause lethal effects on crustaceans. [[Pollution and pelagic fish|Fish]] can tolerate short exposures to concentrations bellow 0,29 mg/l although they might be affected by prolonged exposure to clotrimazole concentrations of 0,025 mg/l. In rats, doses of 50 mg per kg body weight caused a reduced survival rate of pups<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>.
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Microalgal communities might be extremely sensitive to the substance. Concentrations of 17 ng/l might already have adverse effects on algae and concentrations of 3,5 µg/l cause visual effects on community growth<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=21146400 Porsbring Tobias; Blanck Hans; Tjellström Henrik; Backhaus Thomas 2009, Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2009;91(3):203-11.]</ref>.  
  
At present OSPAR considers it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>
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The highest concentration measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] is 22 ng/l, the median is 7ng/l.  
 
 
 
 
Clotrimazole belongs to the group of 14a-demethylase inhibiting fungicides. It is widely used in human and veterinary medicine and has been identified as a priority pollutant for the marine environment. However, the toxicity of clotrimazole to marine primary producers is largely unknown. We therefore sampled natural microalgal communities (periphyton) and exposed them to concentration series of clotrimazole over 4 days. 50 pmol/L clotrimazole caused a concentration-dependent accumulation of C14α-methylated sterol precursors, which coincided with a decrease in algal-specific C14-desmethyl sterols. This indicates an inhibition of algal 14a-demethylases already at environmental concentrations. A clotrimazole concentration of 500 pmol/L reduced total sterol content to 64% of control level. Community chlorophyll a content was affected by clotrimazole in a bi-phasic manner with first reductions becoming visible at 500 pmol/L, along with indications of an altered cycling of photoprotective xanthophyll pigments. Concentrations of 10-100 nmol/L and higher caused large reductions in community growth, and changed community pigment profiles in a concentration-dependent monotonous manner. The study further indicated that diatoms use obtusifoliol as a natural substrate for 14α-demethylase, just as higher plants do but also utilize norlanosterol.
 
 
 
<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=21146400]</ref>
 
 
 
MW= 344,8
 
  
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In 2005 OSPAR considered it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00199_BD%20on%20clotrimazole.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on clotrimazole]</ref>.
 
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==References==
 
==References==
 
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{{author
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|AuthorID=19826
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|AuthorFullName=Daphnis De Pooter
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|AuthorName=Daphnisd}}
  
 
[[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]
 
[[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]

Revision as of 16:36, 19 March 2013

Definition of clotrimazole:
Clotrimazole is a pharmaceutical. It's mainly used to treat dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections[1].
This is the common definition for clotrimazole, other definitions can be discussed in the article

Notes

Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole
Formula
C22H17ClN2

Approximately 10 tonnes are produced in the EU each year, and almost the same quantity is imported. The main potential source of clotrimazole to the environment is discharges from municipal waste water treatment plants as a result of waste water from households.[1]

Clotrimazole has a low water solubility (0,49 mg/l). It is considered a persistent substance which shows little or no biodegradability and has a low to moderate tendency to bioacumulate.

Clotrimazole is a toxic substance for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of only 20 µg/l cause lethal effects on crustaceans. Fish can tolerate short exposures to concentrations bellow 0,29 mg/l although they might be affected by prolonged exposure to clotrimazole concentrations of 0,025 mg/l. In rats, doses of 50 mg per kg body weight caused a reduced survival rate of pups[1]. Microalgal communities might be extremely sensitive to the substance. Concentrations of 17 ng/l might already have adverse effects on algae and concentrations of 3,5 µg/l cause visual effects on community growth[2].

The highest concentration measured in estuaries is 22 ng/l, the median is 7ng/l.

In 2005 OSPAR considered it unnecessary to propose measures for the reduction of discharges of clotrimazole[1].


Environmental standards and legislation

Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action


See also

OSPAR background document on clotrimazole


References

The main author of this article is Daphnis De Pooter
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.

Citation: Daphnis De Pooter (2013): Clotrimazole. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Clotrimazole [accessed on 29-03-2024]