Diethylhexylphthalate - Bewerkingsoverzicht

Daphnisd op 19 mrt 2013 om 15:40

2013-03-19T15:40:48Z

Daphnisd: /* Notes */

2009-10-02T14:03:21Z

‎Notes

Daphnisd: /* Notes */

2009-10-02T13:55:48Z

‎Notes

Daphnisd: /* Notes */

2009-10-02T13:54:59Z

‎Notes

Daphnisd: /* Notes */

2009-10-02T13:51:13Z

‎Notes

Daphnisd op 2 okt 2009 om 13:43

2009-10-02T13:43:59Z

Daphnisd op 28 aug 2009 om 08:05

2009-08-28T08:05:04Z

Daphnisd op 28 aug 2009 om 07:50

2009-08-28T07:50:46Z

Daphnisd: /* Notes */

2009-08-28T07:48:11Z

‎Notes

Daphnisd op 10 aug 2009 om 09:00

2009-08-10T09:00:58Z

@@ Regel 1: / Regel 1: @@
-===   ===
+{{Tocright}}
 {{Definition|title=diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP)
@@ Regel 47: / Regel 47: @@
 ==References==
 <references/>
+{{author
 [[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]

@@ Regel 23: / Regel 23: @@
 DEHP has a tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for [[biomagnification]] through [[food chain|food chains]] as [[pollution and zooplankton|zooplankton]] and [[pollution and pelagic fishes|fish]] usually contain the same DEHP concentration. There might however be risks for [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] which eat large amounts of molluscs, crustaceans (particularly krill).
-Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
+Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio of Japanese killifish. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
-Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might already pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.
+Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.
 <P>
 <BR>

@@ Regel 25: / Regel 25: @@
 Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
-Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might already pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]. <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>
+Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might already pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.
 <P>
 <BR>

@@ Regel 23: / Regel 23: @@
 DEHP has a tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for [[biomagnification]] through [[food chain|food chains]] as [[pollution and zooplankton|zooplankton]] and [[pollution and pelagic fishes|fish]] usually contain the same DEHP concentration. There might however be risks for [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] which eat large amounts of molluscs, crustaceans (particularly krill).
-Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might already cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations as low as 0,01 µg/l might alter the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
+Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
 Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might already pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]. <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>

@@ Regel 17: / Regel 17: @@
 |}
-In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP was used in the EU. These large quantities cause large amounts of DEHP to spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>
+In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP were used in the EU. These large quantities cause large amounts of DEHP to spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.
 DEHP has a low water solubility (0,003 mg/l), a very low tendency to vaporize and a high [[adsorption]] rate to particles. DEHP is a very stable chemical, it takes 2000 years to degrade it by inorganic mechanisms. It can however more easily be biodegraded. In areas with a high amount of biomass, the environmental [[half-life]] of DEHP is 50 days.
@@ Regel 23: / Regel 23: @@
 DEHP has a tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for [[biomagnification]] through [[food chain|food chains]] as [[pollution and zooplankton|zooplankton]] and [[pollution and pelagic fishes|fish]] usually contain the same DEHP concentration. There might however be risks for [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] which eat large amounts of molluscs, crustaceans (particularly krill).
-Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute toxicity in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might already cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations as low as 0,01 µg/l might alter the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
+Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might already cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations as low as 0,01 µg/l might alter the population sex ratio. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
 Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might already pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]. <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>

@@ Regel 2: / Regel 2: @@
 {{Definition|title=diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP)
-|definition= Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhesives or solvents used by a variety of industries. They are used in PVC, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, coatings of cars,... <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>}}
+|definition= Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhesives or solvents used by a variety of industries. They are used in PVC, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, coatings of cars,...<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.}}
 == Notes ==

@@ Regel 19: / Regel 19: @@
 In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP was used in the EU. These large quantities cause large amounts of DEHP to spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products.<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>
-DEHP has a low water solubility (0,003 mg/l), a very low tendency to vaporize and a high [[adsorption]] rate to particles. DEHP is a very stable chemical, it takes 2000 years to degrade it by inorganic mechanisms. It can however more easily be biodegraded. In areas with a high amount of biomass, the DEHP level can be halved in 50 days. Therefore, DEHP is not considered a persistent chemical.
+DEHP has a low water solubility (0,003 mg/l), a very low tendency to vaporize and a high [[adsorption]] rate to particles. DEHP is a very stable chemical, it takes 2000 years to degrade it by inorganic mechanisms. It can however more easily be biodegraded. In areas with a high amount of biomass, the environmental [[half-life]] of DEHP is 50 days.
 DEHP has a tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for [[biomagnification]] through [[food chain|food chains]] and the same concentrations can be found in zooplankton as in fish. There might however be risks for [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] which eat large amounts of mollusks, crustaceans or krill.