Diethylhexylphthalate: verschil tussen versies

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(New page: === === {{Definition|title=diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP) |definition= Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhe...)
 
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{{Definition|title=diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP)
 
{{Definition|title=diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP)
  
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|definition= Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhesives or solvents used by a variety of industries. They are used in PVC, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, coatings of cars,... <ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>}}
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|definition= Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhesives or solvents used by a variety of industries. They are used in PVC, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, coatings of cars,...<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.}}
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
  
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In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP was used in the EU. Due to these large quantities large amounts of DEHP are spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products.
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{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
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! bgcolor="#FF8888" | Diethylhexylphthalate
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|-
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| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Image:Diethylhexylphthalate.png|200px|Dibutylphthalate]]
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|-
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! bgcolor="#8888FF" | Formula
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| align="center" | C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>38</sub>0<sub>4</sub>
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|}
  
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Concentrations measured in marine waters are usually below 0,01 µg/l, but they can reach values up to 2µg/l in [[estuary|estuaries]]. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] can reach values up to 0,7 mg/kg [[dry weight]].
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In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP were used in the EU. These large quantities cause large amounts of DEHP to spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.
  
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DEHP has a low water solubility (0,003 mg/l), a very low tendency to vaporize and a high [[adsorption]] rate to particles. DEHP is a very stable chemical, it takes 2000 years to degrade it by inorganic mechanisms. It can however more easily be biodegraded. In areas with a high amount of biomass, the environmental [[half-life]] of DEHP is 50 days.
  
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DEHP is not considered a PBT substance (according to the OSPAR DYNAMEC or EU-TGD PBT criteria) although it is a borderline case. It is not considered persistent, but has a potential for bioaccumulation which does not meet the EU-TGD Bcriterion but exceeds the OSPAR DYNAMEC criterion for bioaccumulation. It has also potential of reprotoxicity for mammalian species. At given environmental concentrations, there is no apparent risk for marine organisms, in particular in open marine waters. However, there might be potential endocrine disrupting effects. DEHP is listed as priority substances under the Water Framework Directive (Annex X) and is subject to a review for identification as a possible “priority hazardous substance”. Risk assessment under Regulation 793/93 is still ongoing.
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DEHP has a tendency to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for [[biomagnification]] through [[food chain|food chains]] as [[pollution and zooplankton|zooplankton]] and [[pollution and pelagic fishes|fish]] usually contain the same DEHP concentration. There might however be risks for [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] which eat large amounts of molluscs, crustaceans (particularly krill).
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Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute [[toxic|toxicity]] in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting effects]] in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio of Japanese killifish. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced [[Vitellogenins|vitellogenin]] content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.
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Concentrations measured in [[estuary|estuaries]] range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and [[fjord|fjords]] are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg [[dry weight]]<ref name = OECD>[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates]</ref>.  
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== Environmental standards and legislation ==
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[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
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[[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]
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== See also ==
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[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5CP00270_BD%20on%20phthalates%20_2006%20version_.pdf OSPAR background document on phthalates]
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==References==
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<references/>
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[[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]

Versie van 2 okt 2009 om 16:03

Definition of diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP):
Diethylhexylphthalate belongs to the family of phthalates: industrial chemicals used as plasticizers, softeners, adhesives or solvents used by a variety of industries. They are used in PVC, paints, printing inks, cosmetics, coatings of cars,...[1].
This is the common definition for diethylhexylphthalate(DEHP), other definitions can be discussed in the article

Notes

Diethylhexylphthalate
Dibutylphthalate
Formula
C24H3804

In 1997, 476.000 tonnes of DEHP were used in the EU. These large quantities cause large amounts of DEHP to spread in the environment. DEHP is found in all environmental compartments, including remote areas. It mainly enters the marine environment through waste water from production sites, and through leakage from end products[1].

DEHP has a low water solubility (0,003 mg/l), a very low tendency to vaporize and a high adsorption rate to particles. DEHP is a very stable chemical, it takes 2000 years to degrade it by inorganic mechanisms. It can however more easily be biodegraded. In areas with a high amount of biomass, the environmental half-life of DEHP is 50 days.

DEHP has a tendency to bioaccumulate. It mainly accumulates through direct uptake from the water and not by food intake. Therefore, there is little risk for biomagnification through food chains as zooplankton and fish usually contain the same DEHP concentration. There might however be risks for sea birds and marine mammals which eat large amounts of molluscs, crustaceans (particularly krill).

Concentrations above 0,1 mg/l cause acute toxicity in algae, invertebrates and fish. Long term exposure to concentrations above 3 µg/l might cause endocrine disrupting effects in fish. Concentrations of 0,01 µg/l might influence the population sex ratio of Japanese killifish. DEHP might display an anti-estrogenic activity leading to a reduced vitellogenin content in females and other detrimental effects. It has also been shown to have an anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in rats.

Concentrations measured in estuaries range usually between 0,05 µg/l and 2µg/l. These concentrations might pose problems for certain marine organisms. Concentrations in the sediments of estuaries and fjords are between 0,0116 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg dry weight[1].


Environmental standards and legislation

Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action

Included in the water framework list of priority substances


See also

OSPAR background document on phthalates


References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 OSPAR Commission, 2006: OSPAR background document on phthalates
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