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Importance of integrating mixoplankton into marine ecosystem policy and management—Examples from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Anschütz, A.-A.; Maselli, M.; Traboni, C.; Boon, A.R.; Stolte, W. (2024). Importance of integrating mixoplankton into marine ecosystem policy and management—Examples from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 20(5): 1366-1383. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4914
In: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. Wiley: Pensacola. ISSN 1551-3777; e-ISSN 1551-3793
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
Keyword
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    Coastal and marine management, HAB risk assessment, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Mixoplankton, Plankton monitoring guidelines
Authors  Top 
  • Anschütz, A.-A.
  • Maselli, M.
  • Traboni, C.
  • Boon, A.R.
  • Stolte, W.
Abstract
    Marine plankton capable of photosynthesis and predation (“mixoplankton”) comprise up to 50% of protist plankton and include many harmful species. However, marine environmental management policies, including the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the USEPA, assume a strict dichotomy between autotrophic phytoplankton and heterotrophic zooplankton. Mixoplankton often differ significantly from these two categories in their response to environmental pressures and affect the marine environment in ways we are only beginning to understand. While the management policies may conceptually provide scope for incorporating mixoplankton, such action is rarely implemented. We suggest that the effectiveness of monitoring and management programs could benefit from explicit implementations regarding the ecological roles and impact of mixoplankton. Taking the MSFD as an example of marine management guidelines, we propose appropriate methods to explicitly include mixoplankton in monitoring and marine management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1366–1383. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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